Climate Change Chart of Surabaya, Indonesia

Overview of climate changes

Changes in sunshine duration

Mean daily sunshine duration averaged across calendar months shows a difference of -0.71 hours/day compared with the earlier period, using an unweighted comparison of monthly means. The largest decrease was in December, with a difference of -2.18 hours/day. In contrast, August recorded the largest monthly increase, with a difference of +0.08 hours/day. These monthly results indicate contrasting changes across the calendar, rather than the same difference in every month.

Changes in rainfall

Averaged across calendar months, mean daily rainfall shows a difference of +1.67 mm/day compared with the earlier period. This is an unweighted average of calendar-month means, and the rainfall measure is a daily mean rather than a monthly total. The largest monthly increase occurred in January, with a difference of +3.78 mm/day; by contrast, the largest monthly decrease was in September, with a difference of -0.08 mm/day. These month-specific differences show that the overall mean does not describe every month’s result.

Temperature changes

Averaged across calendar months, monthly mean temperature shows a difference of +0.45 °C compared with the earlier reference period; this is an unweighted comparison of monthly means, not a day-weighted annual average or a measure of daytime highs. The largest monthly increase was in May, with a difference of +0.80 °C. That month-specific result describes a monthly mean and should not be read as applying uniformly to every month.